Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is the most common form of heart disease in cats that results in thickening of the heart muscle, specifically the main pumping chamber of the heart left ventricle. One study found prevalence to be 16% paige c, et al. However, a recent retrospective study of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy noted a history of antecedent corticosteroid administration in of 160 cases 8% with congestive heart failure chf. This pocket guideline is available on the world wide web sites of the american college of cardiology. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is a disease of the heart muscle.
Introduction hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is one of the most frequent familial cardiac diseases in humans and occurs similarly in cats, in which 57% of idiopathic cardiomyopathies are. Pdf feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a primary myocardial disease. The two most common types of congenital heart disease are malformations of a valve or a septal defect in the wall that divides the right and left sides of the heart. Corticosteroidassociated congestive heart failure in 12 cats. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is a condition that causes the muscular walls of a cats heart to thicken, decreasing the hearts efficiency and sometimes creating symptoms in other parts of the body. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm causes the walls of the left ventricle to become thicker than normal. Specific cardiac diseases circulatory system merck. However, it is inherited in maine coon and ragdoll breeds and is. An overview of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genetic pet care. More specifically, cardiomyopathy cm is a disease of the heart muscle in which either the heart walls thicken greatly hypertrophic and restrictive forms or stretch greatly dilated form. Kittleson, dvm, phd, dacvim cardiology school of veterinary medicine university of california, davis.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is a common disease in pet cats, affecting 1015% of the pet cat population. This classification system was also used in feline myocardial disease, with an additional category of. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy winn feline foundation. Anesthesia for feline patients with heart disease hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is the most common cardiac disease in cats. Affected cats have concentrical or asymmetrical left ventricular hypertrophy without an identifiable cause. These cats may have a heart murmur or abnormal heart, which prompts a cardiac evaluation. Cardiomyopathy literally means disease of the heart muscle. As in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, this results in an increase in left atrial size and left heart failure.
It is the most common form of heart disease in the cat. Feline hcm is a disease of the ventricular myocardium. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy an update agnieszka kent, dvm, ms dacvim cardiology bayer conference centre veterinaire dmv january, 2014. The use of enalapril in the treatment of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Always follow the instructions provided by your veterinarian.
Although many diseases can cause concentrical left ventricular hypertrophy, the term hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is used here exclusively to refer to the. Treatment of feline hcm prior to the onset of heart failure ace inhibition two small studies suggested the an ace inhibitor can decrease lv wall thickness in cats with hcm rush je, freeman lm, brown dj, smith fj. Also note that a normalclear result does not mean a cat will not develop hcm. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy continued treatment of cats with more advanced congestive heart failure involves the use of diuretics, antithrombotic medications such as low dose aspirin andor clopidogril and sometimes aceinhibitor medications such as enalapril or benazepril. Hcm in cats md, va, ky, tx cvca cardiac care for pets. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is the most common form of feline heart disease.
Hcm echocardiography bringing cardiology into practice henrys diagnosis. Feline cardiomyopathyestablishing a diagnosis virginia. Hcm is often diagnosed in young to middleaged male cats. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is the most prevalent feline cardiac disease. There are many types of cardiomyopathy, and restrictive, unclassi. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is also present in humans and is caused by a variety of genetic anomalies of the cardiac muscle proteins. Cardiac effects of a single dose of pimobendan in cats. An update hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is morphologically defined by hypertrophy of a nondilated ventricle, is the most common heart. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is the most common cardiac disease in cats and is characterized by idiopathic left ventricular concentric hypertrophy. This disease is characterized by an abnormal thickening hypertrophy of one or several areas of the walls of the heart, usually of the left ventricle. Asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy veterinary clinics. In cardiomyopathy, the hearts function is compromised and often leads to an eventual state of heart failure. In maine coon cats, hcm has been confirmed as an autosomal dominant inherited trait. Though less common than in dogs, some heart conditions in cats are serious and need to be treated medically.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cornell university college. Learn more about the causes, symptoms and treatment of the disease here. This disease is characterized by an abnormal thickening. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the result of abnormal growth of the heart muscle cells. Insights into the feline heart understanding, diagnosing, and treating feline cardiomyopathy whit church, dvm, diplomate acvim cardiology desert veterinary medical specialists gilbert, scottsdale, and glendale, az bringing cardiology into practice why are cat heart sounds so difficult to characterize. It is a primary disorder of the heart muscle characterized by thickening of the. Anatomy of the heart of a cat hcm is a disease that causes thickening of the heart muscle resulting in poor relaxing and filling ability. Hcm is characterized by concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricular myocardium and concurrent fibrosis and stiffening of the heart with a preserved or hyperdynamic systolic function. Cardiomyopathy is a term used for describing disease of the heart muscle tissue.
In humans many diff erent mutations have been found that cause hcm and it is thought that there are over 400 separate causative mutations in people. This is not one single disorder but is a little family of heart conditions. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is a common heart disease, affecting up to 15% of all cats. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is the most common heart disease in domestic cats. Ntpro bnp significantly higher in occult cm 186 pmoll versus normal 24. The feline hcm information sheet is not intended to provide medical or treatment.
Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy what are the symptoms of hcm. Cardiomyopathy is a big mouthful of a word, but it really just means disease of the heart muscle. The most common type of heart disease in cats is adult onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Restrictive cardiomyopathy rcm is characterised by myocardial stiffness and diastolic dysfunction restrictive pathophysiology, and is the second most common form of cardiomyopathy in cats approximately 20 per cent of referred feline cardiomyopathy cases ferasin and others 2003. Hcm causes progressive thickening hypertrophy of the heart muscle left ventricle and dilation of the left atrium. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm this information is not meant to be a substitute for veterinary care. Diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy j am coll cardiol 2011.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is one of the most frequent familial cardiac diseases in humans and occurs similarly in cats, in which 57% of idiopathic cardiomyopathies are represented by the hypertrophic form and are diagnosed in 15% of apparently healthy animals page et al 2009, payne et al 2010. Feline cardiomyopathyestablishing a diagnosis virginia luis. Abstract hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is the most common cardiac disease in cats and is characterized by idiopathic left ventricular. The average life expectancy for a cat that suffers from this disease is under eight hundred days, and it is rare for an affected cat to live longer than four years. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is the most common acquired heart diseases in cats but very rare in dogs. The left ventricle is involved first, and then the right ventricle often is affected. A retrospective evaluation of clinical presentation and. Cardiomyopathies primarily affect adult cats and although all cats are susceptible, a genetic predisposition for the disease has been shown in maine coons, ragdolls, and in some american shorthair cats. Cardiomyopathy principally involves the left side of the heart, the side that pumps oxygenrich blood to the body. The spectrum of phenotypes in rcm is even wider than that observed in hcm. Oct 10, 2008 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a heart disease that affects the left ventricle, and its functional ability to pump blood into the aorta, in cats. This is a disease that occurs in purebred and nonpurebred cats of any age. If you dont have the free adobe acrobat reader, it can be downloaded from the adobe site. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a heterogeneous disease, both in terms of presentation and outcome.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy congestive heart failure no outflow obstruction lasix 2mgkgday ace inhibitor benazepril 0. The presence or absence of a murmur is not a good predictor of heart disease in cats. Prevalence of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is one of the most commonly encountered heart disease in cats. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm genetic testing. Prognostic indicators in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is an inherited disease of cats which appears to be similar to the disease seen in humans. Diagnosis should focus on identifying cats with highrisk hcm. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is the most prevalent feline cardiac disease.
Literally, the term cardiomyopathy means disease of the heart muscle. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is a type of heart disease that causes thickening or hypertrophy of the heart muscle. Numerous cat breeds have hcm as a problem in the breed. Journal of feline medicine and surgery hairless hearts. Most cases of human hcm appear to be associated with mutations in sarcomeric proteins. Many cats with hcm have no symptoms and appear clinically healthy. Left ventricular hypertrophy results in diastolic dysfunction and increased left ventricular filling pressure, which may lead to atrial enlargement and congestive heart failure. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a dangerous condition that refers to the thickening of the lower chambers, or ventricles, in a cats heart. In some cats that have obvious endomyocardial thickening or partial cavity obliteration, the diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy can be readily made using twodimensional echocardiography. The complex pathophysiology of hcm is still far from clear, but myocardial remodeling is a key process, and cardiomyocyte disarray, interstitial fibrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and vascular dysplasia are described histopathologic features. Overview hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is one of the most commonly encountered heart disease in cats.
With hcm, the heart walls become so thickened and rigid that very little blood is able to be pumped through the heart. The left ventricle is the major bloodpumping chamber in your cats heart, and when the muscle walls of the ventricle thicken, your cats heart cant work as hard as it. Consider aspirin or plavix to prevent thrombis formation, for refractory pulmonary. Homevet can anything be done for feline cardiomyopathy. A recently published epidemiological study of feline hcm provides insights into better understanding this disease. Therapy of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sciencedirect. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is the most common cardiac disease in cats, and affects 14. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is morphologically defined by hypertrophy of a nondilated ventricle, is the most common heart disease in the cat. The winn feline foundation is a nonprofit organization 501c3 established by the cat fanciers association. Restrictive cardiomyopathy rcm is a kind of heart disease, the hallmark feature of which is a restricted ability of the hearts walls to relax.
Hcm is the most common form of heart disease in cats and is the result of a genetic mutations. This thickening causes the heart to not be able to relax normally when filling with blood. Therapy of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy veterinary clinics. Certain breeds of cats, such as the bengal, himalayan, persian. Apr 06, 2019 to treat cardiomyopathy in cats, take it to the vet if it has trouble breathing or pain when moving, which may be signs of advanced heart disease. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most commonly diagnosed cardiac disease in cats. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a primary myocardial disorder, and the most common feline cardiac disease. It is a primary disorder of the heart muscle characterized by thickening of the left ventricle. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm, a type of abnormal thickening of the heart, is the most common cause of heart disease in cats. It is often an occult silent killer, and it can result in sudden death in cats. The similarity to human hcm, the rapid progression of disease, and the defined and. Restrictive cardiomyopathy in cats what is restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Gross anatomic features and the pattern and extent of cardiac muscle cell disorganization were studied in the hearts of 51 with spontaneously occurring hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a heart disease that affects the left ventricle, and its functional ability to pump blood into the aorta, in cats. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is an inherited disease of the heart muscle. This thickening called hypertrophy can impair the relaxation of the heart and cause secondary enlargement of the top chamber on the left side of. Esc clinical practice guidelines aim to present all the relevant evidence to help physicians weigh the benefits and risks of a particular diagnostic or therapeutic procedure on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is the most prevalent feline. These mutations occur in genes coding for betamyosin heavy chain, alphatropomyosin, cardiac troponin t, c, and i, myosinbinding. Cats with advanced disease may have clinical signs.
For the latest information on emerging treatments, you may wish to make an appointment with a specialist directories for veterinary cardiologists. Adapted from the 2011 accfaha guideline for the diagnosis. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy centre veterinaire dmv. The feline hcm information sheet is not intended to. Feline cardiomyopathy is any disease of the myocardium associated with cardiac dysfunction. T4 in the blood is often indicated in evaluating cats with hypertrophic cm. Pdf hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is a common disease in pet cats, affecting 1015% of the pet cat population. To treat cardiomyopathy in cats, take it to the vet if it has trouble breathing or pain when moving, which may be signs of advanced heart disease. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle rule out other causes hyperthyroidism.
You may also notice that your cat is exhausted and has a lack of endurance, which is another potential sign of heart trouble. In many cases, there is significant overlap between these different forms with regard to clinical signs, ecg, and radiographic findings. Cardiomyopathy pt 2 dr mark kittleson 15072012 vet education online veterinary conference july 2012 4 treatment of feline hcm prior to the onset of heart failure there is a long list of drugs that veterinarians use in an attempt to try to prevent the progression of the feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Each cat had a hypertrophied, but nondilated, left ventricle. Hcm is a primary heart muscle disease where the muscular walls of the ventricles become abnormally thickened hypertrophied. It is a heart muscle disease in which the papillary muscles the muscles in the left ventricle that anchor the mitral valve and the walls of the left ventricle become abnormally thickened. Hcm is typically recognized in young to middleaged male cats, but any cat can be affected. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy textbook of small. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure cats had significantly lower mitral a wave velocity p 0 016 and atrial complete emptying based on diameter and volume measurements.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm hcm is the most common of feline myocardial diseases and also the form with the most varied phenotype. Hcm causes thickening hypertrophy of the left ventricle in the absence of a known cause, such as high blood pressure or an overactive thyroid. In humans, there are over 150 mutations identified on 10 different sarcomeric genes that can result in hcm. Heart disease hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats petmd. They should be essential in everyday clinical decision making. Causes and risk factors for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The most common feline heart disease is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm, a condition causing the ventricular walls of the heart muscle to thicken, potentially resulting in congestive heart failure and sudden death. Most veterinary cardiologists classify feline cardiomyopathy into three main types.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm is the most common heart disease of cats, whether they are random bred or pedigreed. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the walls of your cats left ventricle thicken, reducing the hearts efficiency. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy textbook of small animal. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hcm hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is defined by left ventricular hypertrophy without causative systemic or other cardiac disease. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy definition of feline.
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